Amapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obukhulu (ngokuvamile abhekisela kumapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi bangaphandle obungu-≥114mm, kanti angu-≥200mm achazwa njengamakhulu kwezinye izimo, kuye ngezindinganiso zemboni) asetshenziswa kabanzi ezindaweni eziyinhloko ezihilela "ukuthutha kwemidiya emikhulu," "ukusekelwa kwesakhiwo okunzima," kanye "nezimo zokucindezela okuphezulu" ngenxa yamandla awo okuthwala ukucindezela okuphezulu, amandla okugeleza okuphezulu, kanye nokumelana okunamandla komthelela.
Amandla yindawo eyinhloko yokusetshenziswa kwamapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obukhulu. Izidingo eziyinhloko zifaka phakathi umfutho ophezulu, amabanga amade, kanye nokumelana nokugqwala. Lawa mapayipi asetshenziselwa ukuthutha imithombo yamandla ebalulekile njengowoyela, igesi yemvelo, amalahle, kanye nogesi.
1. Ukuthuthwa kukawoyela negesi: "I-aorta" yamapayipi ahamba ibanga elide
Izicelo: Amapayipi kawoyela negesi ahlanganisa izifunda (njenge-West-East Gas Pipeline kanye ne-China-Russia East Natural Gas Pipeline), amapayipi okuqoqa nokuthutha angaphakathi ngaphakathi kwamasimu kawoyela, kanye namapayipi kawoyela/igesi amapulatifomu kawoyela negesi angaphandle.
Izinhlobo Zamapayipi Ensimbi: Ngokuyinhloko ipayipi elihlanganisiwe le-arc elifakwe ngaphakathi eliyi-spiral (LSAW) kanye nepayipi elihlanganisiwe le-arc elifakwe ngaphakathi eliyi-straight seam (SSAW), elinepayipi lensimbi elingenamthungo (njenge-API 5L X80/X90 grades) elisetshenziswa kwezinye izingxenye ezinengcindezi ephezulu.
Izidingo Eziyinhloko: Ukubekezelela ukucindezela okuphezulu kwe-10-15 MPa (imigqa yesiqu segesi yemvelo), ukumelana nokugqwala kwenhlabathi (amapayipi asogwini), kanye nokumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi olwandle (amapayipi asogwini). Ubude bepayipi elilodwa bungafinyelela amamitha ayi-12-18 ukunciphisa amajoyinti okushisela nokunciphisa izingozi zokuvuza. Izibonelo ezijwayelekile: i-China-Russia East Line Natural Gas Pipeline (ipayipi elikhulu kunawo wonke elihamba ibanga elide eShayina, kanti ezinye izingxenye zisebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obungu-1422mm), kanye nepayipi likawoyela eliwela umngcele waseSaudi-UAE (amapayipi ensimbi angu-1200mm nangaphezulu).
2. Imboni Yamandla: "Umzila wamandla" wezitshalo zamandla ezishisayo/zenuzi
Emkhakheni wamandla okushisa, la mapayipi asetshenziswa "emipayipini emine emikhulu" (amapayipi amakhulu omusi, amapayipi omusi afudumeza kabusha, amapayipi amakhulu amanzi okuphakelayo, kanye namapayipi okukhipha amanzi okushisa anomfutho ophezulu) ukuthutha umusi oshisa kakhulu, onomfutho ophezulu (amazinga okushisa angu-300-600°C kanye nomfutho ongu-10-30 MPa).
Emkhakheni wamandla enuzi, amapayipi ensimbi asezingeni lokuphepha eziqhingini zenuzi (njengemapayipi okupholisa e-reactor) adinga ukumelana okunamandla kwemisebe kanye nokumelana nokukhukhuleka. Amapayipi angenamthungo ensimbi engagqwali yase-Austenitic (njenge-ASME SA312 TP316LN) avame ukusetshenziswa. Ukusekelwa Kwamandla Amasha: "Amapayipi Omugqa Wokuqoqa" (avikela izintambo zikagesi ophezulu) ezisekelweni zamandla e-photovoltaic/wind, kanye namapayipi okudlulisa i-hydrogen amabanga amade (amanye amaphrojekthi okuhlola asebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi angagqwali angu-300-800mm Φ).
Izidingo emkhakheni kamasipala zigxile "ekugelezeni okuphezulu, ekunakekelweni okuphansi, kanye nokuzivumelanisa nezimo zasemadolobheni angaphansi komhlaba/ongaphezulu." Inhloso eyinhloko ukuqinisekisa ukuhlinzekwa kwamanzi kanye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi kubantu abahlala khona kanye nokusebenza kwezinhlelo zasemadolobheni.
1. Ubunjiniyela Bokuphakelwa Kwamanzi Nokukhipha Amanzi: Amapayipi Okuthutha Amanzi Asemadolobheni/Okukhipha Amanzi
Izicelo Zokuphakelwa Kwamanzi: "Amapayipi amanzi angavuthiwe" avela emithonjeni yamanzi yasemadolobheni (amadamu, imifula) aya ezitshalweni zamanzi, kanye "namapayipi amanzi kamasipala" avela ezitshalweni zamanzi aya ezindaweni zasemadolobheni, adinga ukuthuthwa kwamanzi ompompi ageleza kakhulu (isb., amapayipi ensimbi angu-600-2000mm Φ).
Izicelo Zokukhipha Amanzi: "Amapayipi emithwalo yamanzi emvula" asedolobheni (okukhipha amanzi ngokushesha ezikhukhuleni ezibangelwa yimvula enkulu) kanye "namapayipi emithwalo yemithwalo yendle" (okuthutha amanzi angcolile asekhaya/ezimbonini aye ezitshalweni zokuhlanza indle). Amanye asebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi angagqwali (isib. amapayipi ensimbi ambozwe ngepulasitiki kanye namapayipi ensimbi ambozwe ngodaka lukasimende).
Izinzuzo: Uma kuqhathaniswa namapayipi kakhonkolo, amapayipi ensimbi alula, amelana nokuwa (azivumelanisa ne-geology eyinkimbinkimbi yasemadolobheni engaphansi komhlaba), futhi anikeza ukuvalwa okuhle kakhulu kwamalunga (ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwendle kanye nokungcola kwenhlabathi).
2. Izindawo Zokonga Amanzi: Ukudluliselwa Kwamanzi Phakathi Kwezitsha Zokugezela Nokulawula Izikhukhula
Izicelo: Amaphrojekthi okudlulisa amanzi phakathi kwezitsha (njenge-"Yellow River Tunnel Pipeline" yomzila ophakathi we-South-to-North Water Diversion Project), amapayipi okuphambukisa amanzi kanye namapayipi okukhipha amanzi ezikhukhula zamachibi/iziteshi zamandla kagesi, kanye namapayipi okuphambukisa amanzi ukuze kulawulwe izikhukhula zasemadolobheni kanye nokuthuthwa kwamanzi.
Izidingo Ezijwayelekile: Ukumelana nokushaqeka kokugeleza kwamanzi (ijubane lokugeleza elingu-2-5 m/s), ukumelana nokucindezeleka kwamanzi (amanye amapayipi amanzi ajulile kumele amelane nokucindezeleka kwekhanda okungaphezu kwamamitha ayi-10), kanye nobubanzi obungaphezu kwamamilimitha angu-3000 (isb., ipayipi lokuguqula insimbi elingu-3200 mm esiteshini sikagesi wamanzi).
Umkhakha wezimboni unezidingo ezahlukahlukene, kugxilwe kakhulu “ekuzivumelaniseni nezimo ezinzima kanye nokuhlangabezana nezidingo zokuthutha zemidiya ethile,” okuhlanganisa izimboni ezifana ne-metallurgy, amakhemikhali, kanye nemishini.
1. Imboni Yensimbi/Yensimbi: Ukuthuthwa Kwezinto Ezishisayo Eziphezulu
Izicelo: "Amapayipi egesi omlilo oqhumayo" ezimboni zensimbi (athutha igesi eshisa kakhulu, 200-400°C), "amapayipi amanzi okupholisa enziwe ngensimbi kanye nokupholisa okuqhubekayo" (ukupholisa okugeleza kakhulu kwama-billet ensimbi), kanye "namapayipi okushisa" (athutha i-iron ore slurry).
Izidingo zamapayipi ensimbi: Ukumelana nokushiswa kwe-oxidation okushisa okuphezulu (kwamapayipi egesi) kanye nokumelana nokuguguleka (kuma-slurries aqukethe izinhlayiya eziqinile, amapayipi ensimbi e-alloy amelana nokuguguleka ayadingeka). Ububanzi ngokuvamile busukela ku-200 kuya ku-1000 mm.
2. Imboni Yamakhemikhali/Ye-Petrochemical: Ukuthuthwa Kwemidiya Eyonakalisayo
Izicelo: Amapayipi ezinto ezingavuthiwe ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali (njengezixazululo ze-asidi ne-alkali, izinyibilikisi eziphilayo), amapayipi eyunithi yokuqhekeka kwe-catalytic ezitshalweni zamakhemikhali (uwoyela negesi oshisa kakhulu, ocindezela kakhulu), kanye namapayipi okukhipha amanzi ethangini (amapayipi okukhipha amanzi anobubanzi obukhulu amathangi amakhulu okugcina amanzi).
Izinhlobo Zamapayipi Ensimbi: Amapayipi ensimbi ahlanganisiwe angagqwali (njengensimbi engagqwali engu-316L) kanye namapayipi ensimbi ahlanganiswe ngepulasitiki noma ngerabha (ezinto ezigqwala kakhulu) asetshenziswa kakhulu. Amanye amapayipi anomfutho ophezulu asebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo angu-150-500mm.
3. Imishini Esindayo: Ukusekelwa Kwesakhiwo kanye Nezinhlelo Ze-Hydraulic
Izicelo: Amabharele esilinda se-hydraulic emishinini yokwakha (imishini yokumba kanye nama-crane) (eminye imishini emikhulu isebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo angu-100-300mm), amapayipi ensimbi asekela umbhede emishinini emikhulu yomshini, kanye namapayipi okuvikela izitebhisi/ikhebula angaphakathi (150-300mm) emibhoshongweni ye-turbine yomoya yasogwini.
Emaphrojekthini amakhulu engqalasizinda afana namabhuloho, imigudu, kanye nezikhumulo zezindiza, amapayipi ensimbi anobubanzi obukhulu awasebenzi nje kuphela “njengemipayipi yokudlulisa” kodwa futhi “njengezingxenye zesakhiwo” ezithwala imithwalo noma ezihlinzeka ngokuvikelwa.
1. Ubunjiniyela Bebhuloho: Ishubhu Lensimbi Eligcwele Ukhonkolo Amabhuloho/Amakholomu E-Pier
Izicelo: "Izimbambo eziyinhloko ze-arch" zamabhuloho e-arch amade (njenge-Chongqing Chaotianmen Yangtze River Bridge, esebenzisa izimbambo ze-arch ze-steel tube ezigcwele ukhonkolo ezingu-1200-1600mm Φ ezigcwele ukhonkolo, ezihlanganisa amandla okuthamba kwamapayipi ensimbi namandla okucindezela ekhonkolo), kanye "nemikhono yokuvikela" yezimbambo zebhuloho (ukuvikela izimbambo ekugugulekeni kwamanzi).
Izinzuzo: Uma kuqhathaniswa nokhonkolo oluqinisiwe lwendabuko, izakhiwo zamashubhu ensimbi ezigcwele ukhonkolo zilula, kulula ukuzakha (zingakhiwa ezimbonini futhi zihlanganiswe endaweni), futhi zinezikhawu ezinde (kufika kumamitha angu-500 noma ngaphezulu).
2. Imigudu kanye Nokuhamba Ngesitimela: Umoya Ongenawo Umoya kanye Nokuvikelwa Kwekhebula
Ukusetshenziswa Kwemihubhe: "Imisele Yokungenisa Umoya" (yomoya omusha, ububanzi obungu-800-1500mm) emihubheni emikhulu/yesitimela, kanye "Nemibhobho Yokunikeza Amanzi Omlilo" (yokuphakelwa kwamanzi ageleza kakhulu uma kwenzeka imililo yemihubhe).
Ukuhamba Ngesitimela: "Amapayipi Okuvikela Izintambo Ngaphansi Komhlaba" (okuvikela izintambo ezinamandla aphezulu, ezinye zenziwe ngepayipi lensimbi elimbozwe ngepulasitiki elingu-200-400mm) ezitimeleni ezingaphansi komhlaba/ezinhlelweni zesitimela ezinesivinini esikhulu, kanye "nama-Catenary Column Casings" (amakholomu ensimbi asekela igridi yamandla).
3. Izikhumulo Zezindiza/Amachweba: Amapayipi Enhloso Ekhethekile
Izikhumulo Zezindiza: "Amapayipi Okudonsa Amanzi Emvula" (ububanzi obukhulu obungu-600-1200mm) emigwaqo yokugijima ukuvimbela ukuqongelela kwamanzi emigwaqo yokugijima kanye nomthelela ekusukeni nasekufikeni, kanye "namapayipi amakhulu amanzi abandayo angenawo umoya" (okugeleza kwamanzi abandayo ageleza kakhulu ukuze kulawulwe izinga lokushisa) ezakhiweni zesiteshi.
Amachweba: "Amapayipi Okudlulisa Amafutha" (ahlanganisa amathangi namathangi okugcina, athwala uwoyela ongahluziwe/imikhiqizo kawoyela ehlanjululwe, ububanzi obungu-300-800mm) ezindaweni zokuthutha, kanye "namapayipi Okuthwala Impahla Eminingi" (okuthutha impahla eningi njengamalahle nensimbi).
Imboni Yezempi: "Amapayipi okupholisa amanzi olwandle" omkhumbi wempi (ukumelana nokugqwala kwamanzi olwandle), "imigqa yamanzi" ethangini (amapayipi angenamthungo anobukhulu obukhulu), kanye "namapayipi ensimbi asekela isiqalisi semicibisholo."
Ukuhlola Kwendawo: "Izimbobo" zemithombo yamanzi ajulile (ukuvikela udonga lomthombo nokuvimbela ukuwa, abanye basebenzisa amapayipi ensimbi angenamthungo angu-Φ300-500mm), ukukhipha igesi ye-shale "amapayipi emithombo evundlile" (ukulethwa koketshezi oluqhekeka ngomfutho ophezulu).
Ukunisela Kwezolimo: Amapayipi okunisela amakhulu okugcina amanzi epulazini "amapayipi okunisela ama-trunk" (njengepayipi lokunisela lama-drip/sprinkler esifundeni esomile esenyakatho-ntshonalanga, anobubanzi obungu-Φ200-600mm).
IQEMBU LASEBUKHOSINI
Ikheli
Indawo yezimboni zokuthuthukiswa kweKangsheng,
Isifunda saseWuqing, idolobha laseTianjin, eChina.
I-imeyili
Amahora
UMsombuluko-NgeSonto: Isevisi yamahora angu-24
Isikhathi sokuthunyelwe: Septhemba-19-2025