Ekwakhiweni kwesimanjemanje, ezokuthutha, imboni, nobunjiniyela bamandla,isakhiwo sensimbi, ngezinzuzo zayo ezimbili kukho kokubili impahla kanye nesakhiwo, isiphenduke amandla ayinhloko aqhuba ukuqanjwa okusha kwezobuchwepheshe bonjiniyela. Isebenzisa insimbi njengento ewumgogodla ethwala imithwalo, idlula imikhawulo yezakhiwo zendabuko ngokusebenzisa ukukhiqizwa kwezimboni kanye nokufakwa kwe-modular, ihlinzeka ngezixazululo eziphumelelayo zezinhlobonhlobo zamaphrojekthi ayinkimbinkimbi.
Incazelo kanye Nohlobo Lwesakhiwo Sensimbi
Isakhiwo sensimbi sibhekisela ohlelweni oluthwala umthwalo olwakhiweamapuleti ensimbi, izingxenye zensimbi (H imishayo, U iziteshi, insimbi ye-angle, njll.), namapayipi ensimbi, avikelwe nge-welding, amabhawodi anamandla amakhulu, noma ama-rivets. Ingqikithi yayo iwukuba kusetshenziswe amandla aphezulu ensimbi nokuqina ukuze kudluliswe imithwalo eqondile ngokulinganayo (isisindo esifile nesisindo semishini) kanye nemithwalo evundlile (umoya nokuzamazama komhlaba) ukusuka esakhiweni noma kuphrojekthi kuya esisekelweni saso, okuqinisekisa ukusimama kwesakhiwo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zikakhonkolo, inzuzo eyinhloko yezakhiwo zensimbi itholakala ezindaweni zabo zemishini: amandla abo aqinile angafinyelela ngaphezu kwe-345 MPa, izikhathi ezingaphezu kwezingu-10 zekhonkrithi evamile; futhi i-plasticity yabo enhle kakhulu ibavumela ukuba bakhubazeke ngaphansi komthwalo ngaphandle kokuphuka, banikeze isiqinisekiso esiphindwe kabili sokuphepha kwesakhiwo. Lesi sici sibenza bangakwazi ukubuyiseleka ezimeni ze-span enkulu, eziphakeme kakhulu, nezinomthwalo osindayo.
Izinhlobo Eziyinhloko Zezakhiwo Zensimbi
(I) Ukuhlelwa Ngokwefomu Lesakhiwo
Isakhiwo Sohlaka Lwesango: Lesi sakhiwo, esakhiwe ngamakholomu nemishayo, sakha uhlaka olumise "isango", oluhlanganiswe nesistimu esekelayo. Ilungele izitshalo zezimboni, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla, izitolo ezinkulu, nezinye izakhiwo. Ububanzi obujwayelekile busukela kumamitha ayi-15 kuye kwangama-30, kanti amanye adlula amamitha angama-40. Izingxenye zingenziwa ngaphambili ezimbonini, okuvumela ukufakwa endaweni ezinsukwini eziyi-15 kuye kwezingama-30. Isibonelo, izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ze-JD.com's Asia No. 1 Logistics Park zisebenzisa lolu hlobo lwesakhiwo.
Isakhiwo Se-Truss: Lesi sakhiwo siqukethe izinduku eziqondile ezixhunywe ngamanodi ukuze zakhe ijometri engunxantathu noma ye-trapezoidal. Izinduku zingaphansi kwamandla e-axial kuphela, zisebenzisa ngokugcwele amandla ensimbi. Izakhiwo ze-truss zivame ukusetshenziswa ophahleni lwenkundla nakumabhuloho amakhulu. Isibonelo, ukulungiswa kwenkundla yezemidlalo yaseBeijing kwasebenzisa uhlaka lwe-truss ukuze kuzuzwe ubude bamakholomu obungamamitha angu-120.
Izakhiwo zozimele: Uhlelo lwendawo olwakhiwe yimishayo namakholomu axhuma ngokuqinile lunikeza amapulani aphansi aguquguqukayo futhi luyinketho evamile yezakhiwo eziphakeme zamahhovisi namahhotela.
Izakhiwo zegridi: Igridi yendawo eyakhiwe amalungu amaningi, ngokuvamile anonxantathu ovamile namanodi ayisikwele, inikeza ubuqotho obuqinile nokumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba okuhle kakhulu. Asetshenziswa kakhulu ezikhumulweni zezindiza nasezikhungweni zemihlangano.
(II) Ukuhlelwa Ngokwezici Zomthwalo
Amalungu aguqukayo: Amelelwa imishayo, la malungu amelana nezikhathi zokugoba, ngokucindezelwa phezulu kanye nokushuba phansi. Bavame ukusebenzisa izigaba ze-H noma izingxenye zamabhokisi ashiselwe, njengemishayo ye-crane ezitshalweni zezimboni, futhi kufanele bahlangabezane nezidingo zombili zamandla nokukhathala.
Amalungu alayishwe nge-axially: Lawa malungu angaphansi kwe-axial tension/compression kuphela, njengama-truss tie rods namalungu egridi. Izinti zokubopha zenzelwe amandla, kuyilapho izinduku zokucindezela zidinga ukuzinza. Amashubhu ayindilinga noma izingxenye zensimbi ze-engeli zivame ukusetshenziswa. Izingxenye ezilayishwe ngendlela eqinile: Lezi zingaphansi kokubili kwamandla e-axial kanye nezikhathi zokugoba, njengamakholomu ozimele. Ngenxa ye-eccentricity yomthwalo emaphethelweni e-beam, izigaba ezinqamulayo ezilinganayo (njengamakholomu ebhokisi) ziyadingeka ukuze kulinganiswe amandla kanye nokuguqulwa.
Izinzuzo Eziyinhloko Zezakhiwo Zensimbi
(I) Izakhiwo zikaMechanical Ezinhle Kakhulu
Amandla aphezulu kanye nesisindo esincane kuyizinzuzo ezibaluleke kakhulu zezakhiwo zensimbi. Nge-span esinikeziwe, i-deadweight ye-steel beam ingu-1/3-1/5 kuphela ye-beam kakhonkolo. Isibonelo, insimbi yensimbi engamamitha angama-30 inesisindo esingama-50 kg/m, kanti induku kakhonkolo inesisindo esingaphezu kuka-200 kg/m. Lokhu akunciphisi kuphela izindleko zesisekelo (ngo-20% -30%) kodwa futhi kunciphisa imiphumela yokuzamazama komhlaba, ukuthuthukisa ukuphepha kokuzamazama kwesakhiwo.
(II) Ukusebenza Okuphezulu Kwezokwakha
Ngaphezu kuka-90% wezingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi zenziwa ngaphambili ezimbonini ezinokunemba kweleveli yemilimitha. Ukufakwa esizeni kudinga ukuphakanyiswa nokuxhumeka kuphela. Isibonelo, isakhiwo sehhovisi lensimbi enezitezi ezingu-10 sithatha izinyanga ezingu-6-8 kuphela kusukela ekukhiqizeni ingxenye kuze kube sekuqedweni, ukunciphisa ngo-40% ngesikhathi sokwakha uma kuqhathaniswa nesakhiwo sokhonkolo. Isibonelo, iphrojekthi yendawo yokuhlala yensimbi eyakhiwe ngaphambilini e-Shenzhen yafinyelela isivinini sokwakha "sesitezi esisodwa njalo ezinsukwini eziyisikhombisa," ehlisa kakhulu izindleko zokusebenza endaweni.
(III) Ukumelana Nokuzamazama Okuqinile Nokuqina
Ukuqina kwensimbi kwenza izakhiwo zensimbi zikhiphe amandla ngokuguqulwa ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba. Isibonelo, ngesikhathi sokuzamazama komhlaba kwe-Wenchuan ngo-2008, ifektri yesakhiwo sensimbi e-Chengdu yaba nokuguga okuncane futhi akukho bungozi bokubhidlika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngemva kokwelashwa okulwa nokugqwala (i-galvanizing ne-coating), insimbi ingaba nempilo yesevisi yeminyaka engu-50-100, ngezindleko zokulondoloza eziphansi kakhulu kunezakhiwo ezikhonkolo.
(IV) Ukuvikelwa Kwemvelo Nokusimama
Amazinga okugaywa kabusha kwensimbi adlula u-90%, okuvumela ukuba incibilikiswe kabusha futhi icutshungulwe ngemva kokubhidlizwa, kuqedwe ukungcoliswa kwemfucuza yokwakha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukwakhiwa kwensimbi akudingi ukwakheka noma ukunakekelwa, okudinga umsebenzi omncane wokumanzisa esizeni, nokunciphisa ukukhishwa kwezintuli ngaphezu kuka-60% uma kuqhathaniswa nezakhiwo zikakhonkolo, ezihambisana nezimiso zokwakha eziluhlaza. Isibonelo, ngemva kokuhlakazwa kwendawo ye-Ice Cube yama-Olimpiki Wasebusika e-Beijing wango-2022, ezinye izingxenye ziphinde zasetshenziswa kwamanye amaphrojekthi, kwafezwa ukuvuselelwa kabusha kwezinsiza.
Ukusetshenziswa Okubanzi Kwezakhiwo Zensimbi
(I) Ukwakha
Izakhiwo zomphakathi: Izinkundla zemidlalo, izikhumulo zezindiza, izikhungo zemihlangano nezokubukisa, njll., zithembele ezakhiweni zensimbi ukuze kuzuzwe ububanzi obukhulu kanye nemiklamo ebanzi.
Izakhiwo zokuhlala: Izindlu zokuhlala ezakhiwe kusengaphambili ezakhiwe ngensimbi ziya ngokuya ziduma futhi zingahlangabezana nezidingo zezindlu eziqondene nawe.
Izakhiwo zezentengiselwano: Izakhiwo zamahhovisi eziphakeme kakhulu nezinxanxathela zezitolo, ezisebenzisa izakhiwo zensimbi ukuze kufezwe imiklamo eyinkimbinkimbi kanye nokwakhiwa okuphumelelayo.
(II) Ezokuthutha
Ubunjiniyela bebhuloho: Amabhuloho awela ulwandle namabhuloho wesitimela. Amabhuloho ensimbi anikeza izikhala ezinkulu nomoya onamandla nokumelana nokuzamazama komhlaba.
Izinto zokuthutha umphakathi: Amakhenopi esiteshi sikaloliwe esingaphansi komhlaba kanye nemishayo yethrekhi kaloliwe elula.
(III) Izimboni
Izitshalo zezimboni: Izitshalo zemishini enzima nezitshalo ze-metallurgical. Izakhiwo zensimbi zingakwazi ukumelana nemithwalo yemishini emikhulu futhi zenze kube lula ukuguqulwa kwemishini elandelayo.
Indawo yokugcina impahla: Izindawo zokugcina izimpahla ezibandayo kanye nezikhungo zempahla. Izakhiwo zikazimele wephothali zihlangabezana nezidingo zesitoreji se-span enkulu futhi ziyashesha ukwakha nokuthumela ngokushesha.
(IV) Amandla
Izinsiza zamandla: Isikhungo samandla ashisayo amabhilidi amakhulu nemibhoshongo yokudlulisa. Izakhiwo zensimbi zifanele imithwalo ephezulu kanye nezindawo zangaphandle ezinokhahlo. Amandla Amasha: Imibhoshongo ye-turbine yomoya kanye nezinhlelo zokukhweza ze-photovoltaic zifaka izakhiwo zensimbi ezingasindi zokuthutha nokufaka kalula, ezisekela ukuthuthukiswa kwamandla ahlanzekile.
Xhumana nathi ukuze ufunde kabanzi mayelana nezakhiwo zensimbi.
IQEMBU LAKHONA
Ikheli
Indawo yemboni yokuthuthukisa i-Kangsheng,
Isifunda saseWuqing, idolobha laseTianjin, eChina.
Amahora
uMsombuluko-NgeSonto: Inkonzo yamahora angu-24
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-30-2025