Isakhiwo Sensimbi Yesakhiwo Esilungisiwe Esithengiswayo ...
Insimbi yesakhiwo ibhekisela ezintweni zensimbi ezisetshenziselwaizakhiwo zensimbi, ekhiqizwa ngezimo eziqinile kanye nokwakheka kwamakhemikhali ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo ezithile zamaphrojekthi obunjiniyela.
Ngokwezincazelo ezithile zamaphrojekthi ahlukene, insimbi yokwakha iza ngezindlela eziningi, osayizi kanye nezindinganiso. Ezinye zakhiwa ngokugoqa okushisayo noma ngokugoqa okubandayo, kanti ezinye zenziwa ngokushisela noma ngokugoba amapuleti ensimbi ayisicaba. Izinhlobo ezivamile zensimbi yokwakha zifaka phakathiImishayo ye-I, Imisebe ye-H, iziteshi zensimbi, insimbi yama-engelifuthiamapuleti ensimbi.
Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke zeIsakhiwo Sohlaka Lwensimbi
I-GB 50017 (eShayina):Lena indinganiso kazwelonke eShayina echaza imithwalo yokuklama, imininingwane yesakhiwo, izidingo zokuqina, kanye nezinhlinzeko zokuphepha zezakhiwo zensimbi.
I-AISC (US):Njengendinganiso yokubhekisela esetshenziswa kakhulu kulo lonke elaseNyakatho Melika, ibhekana nezidingo zomthwalo, izimiso zokuklama izakhiwo, kanye nomklamo wokuxhumana.
I-BS 5950 (e-UK):Le nqubo yaseBrithani igcizelela indlela elinganiselayo yokuphepha, ukusebenza kahle kwezindleko, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo.
EN 1993 - I-Eurocode 3 (EU):Isebenza njengendinganiso yaseYurophu ehlanganisiwe yomklamo ohambisanayo wezakhiwo zensimbi kuwo wonke amazwe angamalungu e-EU.
| Okujwayelekile | Izinga Likazwelonke | Izinga laseMelika | Izinga laseYurophu | |
| Isingeniso | Njengoba amazinga kazwelonke (i-GB) eyisisekelo, ehambisana nemigomo yemboni, igcizelela ukulawulwa okugcwele kwenqubo yokuklama, ukwakha kanye nokwamukelwa | Sigxile ezindinganisweni zezinto ze-ASTM kanye nemininingwane yokuklama ye-AISC, sigxila ekuhlanganiseni isitifiketi esizimele semakethe nezindinganiso zemboni. | Uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-EN (izindinganiso zaseYurophu) | |
| Izindinganiso Eziyinhloko | Izindinganiso zokuklama | I-GB 50017-2017 | I-AISC (AISC 360-16) | EN 1993 |
| Izindinganiso zezinto ezibonakalayo | I-GB/T 700-2006、GB/T 1591-2018 | I-ASTM International | Uchungechunge lwe-EN 10025 olwakhiwe yi-CEN | |
| Izindinganiso zokwakha nokwamukelwa | I-GB 50205-2020 | I-AWS D1.1 | Uchungechunge lwe-EN 1011 | |
| Izindinganiso eziqondene nomkhakha | Isibonelo, i-JT/T 722-2023 emkhakheni wamabhuloho, i-JGJ 99-2015 emkhakheni wokwakha | |||
| Izitifiketi Ezidingekayo | Iziqu zobungcweti zenkontileka yobunjiniyela besakhiwo sensimbi (ibanga elikhethekile, ibanga lokuqala, ibanga lesibili, ibanga lesithathu) | Isitifiketi se-AISC | UMark Mark, Isitifiketi se-DIN saseJalimane, Isitifiketi se-UK CARES | |
| Isitifiketi se-China Classification Society (CCS), isitifiketi sokufaneleka kwebhizinisi lokukhiqiza isakhiwo sensimbi | Isitifiketi se-FRA | |||
| Imibiko yokuhlola ngezakhiwo zemishini yezinto ezibonakalayo, ikhwalithi yokushisela, njll. ekhishwe yi-ejensi yokuhlola evela eceleni | I-ASME | |||
Isakhiwo SensimbiIzigaba
Izigaba ezitholakalayo zichazwe ngezindinganiso ezishicilelwe emhlabeni wonke, kanti nezigaba ezikhethekile nezizimele nazo ziyatholakala.
Imishayo ye-I(izingxenye ezinkulu "I"—e-UK, lokhu kuhlanganisa imisebe ye-universal (UB) kanye namakholomu e-universal (UC); eYurophu, lokhu kuhlanganisa i-IPE, i-HE, i-HL, i-HD, nezinye izingxenye; e-US, lokhu kuhlanganisa izingxenye ze-flange ebanzi (eyi-WF noma enomu-W) kanye ne-H enomu-H)
Imishayo engu-Z(ama-half-flanges angemuva)
I-HSS(izingxenye zesakhiwo ezingenalutho, ezaziwa nangokuthi i-SHS (izingxenye ezingenalutho zesakhiwo), okuhlanganisa izingxenye zesikwele, unxande, isiyingi (i-tubular), kanye nezingxenye ezi-oval)
Ama-engeli(Izingxenye ezimise okwe-L)
Iziteshi zesakhiwo, izingxenye ezimise okwe-C, noma izingxenye "C"
Imisebe ye-T(Izingxenye ezimise okwe-T)
Amabha, eziyinxande eziyisikwele kodwa ezingabanzi ngokwanele ukuba zibhekwe njengepuleti.
Izinduku, okuyizingxenye eziyindilinga noma eziyisikwele ezinobude obuhlobene nobubanzi bazo.
Amapuleti, eziwugqinsi lwensimbi olungaphezu kuka-6 mm noma 1⁄4 intshi.
Izakhiwo zensimbi zisebenzisa insimbi njengengxenye eyinhloko yokuthwala umthwalo. Zisetshenziswa kabanzi emikhakheni eyahlukene ngenxa yezinzuzo zazo ezifana namandla aphezulu, isisindo esilula, ukwakhiwa okusheshayo, kanye nokumelana okuhle nokuzamazama komhlaba. Amacala ayo ayinhloko okusetshenziswa kanye nezindawo zokusetshenziswa zifaka:
Ubunjiniyela Bokwakha
1. Izakhiwo Zezimboni - Amafektri: njengemishini, i-metallurgy, kanye nezitshalo zamakhemikhali
2. Izindawo zokugcina impahla: Izindawo ezinkulu zokuthutha kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla (njengezindawo zokugcina impahla ezinama-high-bay kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla ezibandayo);
3. Izakhiwo Zomphakathi - Izakhiwo Eziphakeme: Uhlaka oluyinhloko lwezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu (njengezakhiwo eziphakeme);
Izakhiwo Zomphakathi: Izinkundla zemidlalo, amahholo ombukiso, amathiyetha, iziteshi zezindiza, njll.
3. Izakhiwo Zokuhlala: Izakhiwo zokuhlala ezakhiwe ngensimbi
Ingqalasizinda Yezokuthutha
1. Ubunjiniyela bebhuloho - Amabhuloho amade - Amabhuloho esitimela/omgwaqo omkhulu
2. Izithuthi Zesitimela Neziteshi - Iziteshi zesitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, imigwaqo yesiteshi sesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba - Izimoto zesitimela ezihamba ngesitimela
Ubunjiniyela Obukhethekile Nemishini
1. Ubunjiniyela Bezolwandle - Amapulatifomu Angaphandle Kwamanzi: Izakhiwo eziyinhloko zamapulatifomu okubhoboza uwoyela (njengamajakethi namadekhi epulatifomu);
Ukwakha imikhumbi
2. Imishini Yokuphakamisa Nokwakha - Ama-Crane - Izimoto Ezikhethekile
3. Imishini Emikhulu Neziqukathi - Amathangi okugcina izinto ezimbonini - Amafreyimu emishini yemishini
Ezinye Izimo Ezikhethekile
1. Izakhiwo zesikhashana: izindlu zokusiza ezinhlekeleleni, amahholo emiboniso yesikhashana, izakhiwo ezilungisiwe, njll.
2. Izisekelo ze-dome yengilazi zezitolo ezinkulu
3. Ubunjiniyela bamandla: imibhoshongo ye-wind turbine (eyenziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi aqinile) kanye namaphaneli elanga.
Inqubo Yokusika
1. Umsebenzi Wokulungiselela
Ukuhlolwa nokuqinisekiswa kwezinto ezibonakalayo
Ukubuyekezwa kokudweba nokuqonda
2. Ukukhethwa Kwezindlela Zokusika Ezifanele
Ukusika ilangabi:Kuhle kakhulu ngensimbi ethambile ejiyile kanye nensimbi enamafutha amancane, esetshenziswa kakhulu ekushiseni okuqinile.
Ukusika ijethi yamanzi:Isebenza ngezinto ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi insimbi ezwela ukushisa kanye nezingxenye ezimise okwehlukile ngokunemba okuphezulu.
Ukucubungula Ukushisela
Le nqubo ibopha izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi esihlanganyelweni kusetshenziswa ukushisa, ingcindezi, noma kokubili (ngensimbi yokugcwalisa lapho kudingeka), kwakha isakhiwo esiqinile nesihlangene. Njengendlela yokuxhuma ebalulekile ekwakhiweni kwensimbi, isetshenziswa kabanzi ekwakheni, emabhulohweni, emishinini, ekwakheni imikhumbi nakwezinye izinkambu, futhi inquma ngqo amandla, ukuzinza kanye nokuphepha kwezakhiwo zensimbi.
Landela imidwebo yokwakha noma imibiko yokufaneleka kwenqubo yokushisela (i-PQR) ukuze uchaze ngokucacile uhlobo lokushisela, usayizi womsele, ubukhulu bokushisela, indawo yokushisela kanye nezinga lekhwalithi.
Ukucubungula Ukushaya
Le nqubo ibhekisela emigodini yokubhoboza ngomshini noma ngokomzimba ezithweni zesakhiwo sensimbi ukuze kuhlangatshezwane nezidingo zomklamo. Lezi zimbobo zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuxhuma izingxenye, ukufakwa kwamapayipi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kokufakwa. Njengenqubo ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi, iqinisekisa ngokuqondile ukunemba kokuhlanganiswa kanye namandla okuxhuma izingxenye zesakhiwo.
Ngokwemidwebo yomklamo, qinisekisa indawo yembobo (ubukhulu bokuxhumanisa), ubuningi, ububanzi, izinga lokuchaneka (isb. ukubekezelelana kwe-±1mm kwemigodi yebholiti evamile, ukubekezelelana kwe-±0.5mm kwemigodi yebholiti enamandla aphezulu) kanye nohlobo lwembobo (oluyindilinga, oluyindilinga, njll.). Maka izikhundla zembobo ebusweni bengxenye ngamathuluzi okumaka njengeteyipu yensimbi, i-scriber, i-square kanye ne-center punch. Ngemigodi eyisihluthulelo, sebenzisa i-center punch ukwenza izindawo zokubeka ukuze uqinisekise ukubhoboza okunembile.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinqubo zokwelashwa kwendawo ezitholakalayoisakhiwo sensimbi, okuthuthukisa ngempumelelo ukumelana kwazo nokugqwala nokugqwala, kanye nokubukeka kwazo okuhle.
Ukuhlanganisa nge-galvanizingiyisisombululo sendabuko nesisetshenziswa kabanzi, esinikeza ukumelana nokugqwala okuvelele kwezakhiwo zensimbi ezijwayelekile.
Ukugqoka ngempuphuinikeza izinketho eziningi zemibala kanye nokumelana nesimo sezulu okuqinile, okwenza kube kuhle kakhulu kumalungu esakhiwo sangaphandle anezidingo zokubukeka okuphezulu.
Ukugqoka kwe-Epoxyinikeza ukuvikelwa kokugqwala okuphezulu kakhulu futhi yenzelwe ngokukhethekile izindawo ezinzima njengezindawo zasogwini kanye nezindawo zezimboni.
Ukugqoka okucebile nge-zinc e-epoxyinikeza isivikelo esithembekile se-electrochemical ngenxa yokuqukethwe kwayo okuphezulu kwe-zinc, efanelekile ukusetshenziswa okunamandla okulwa nokugqwala.
Umdwebo ojwayelekileiyaguquguquka futhi iyabiza, iyakwazi ukwanelisa izidingo ezahlukene zokuhlobisa neziyisisekelo zokuvikela.
Ukugqoka uwoyela omnyamaisebenza njengesinqumo esingabizi kakhulu sezidingo zokuvikela ukugqwala ezilula, zesikhashana.
Ithimba lethu elikhethekile lonjiniyela bezakhiwo abanolwazi kanye nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe linolwazi olubanzi lwephrojekthi kanye nemibono yokuklama esezingeni eliphezulu, ngokuqonda okujulile kobuchwepheshe besakhiwo sensimbi kanye nezindinganiso zemboni.
Ukusebenzisa isofthiwe yokuklama yobungcweti efanaI-AutoCADfuthiIzakhiwo zeTekla, sakha uhlelo lokuklama oluphelele olubonakalayo, kusukela kumamodeli e-3D kuya ezinhlelweni zobunjiniyela be-2D, olumelela ngokunembile ubukhulu bezingxenye, ukucushwa kwamalunga, kanye nokuhlelwa kwendawo. Izinsizakalo zethu zimboza yonke impilo yephrojekthi, kusukela ekwakhiweni kwesakhiwo sokuqala kuya emidwebweni yokwakha enemininingwane, kusukela ekwenziweni ngcono kwamalunga kuya ekuqinisekisweni kwesakhiwo okuphelele. Silawula ngokucophelela imininingwane ngokunemba kwezinga le-millimeter, siqinisekisa kokubili ukuqina kobuchwepheshe kanye nokwakheka.
Sihlala sigxile kumakhasimende. Ngokuqhathanisa uhlelo oluphelele kanye nokulingisa ukusebenza kwemishini, senza ngezifiso izixazululo zokuklama ezingabizi kakhulu zezimo ezahlukahlukene zohlelo lokusebenza (izitshalo zezimboni, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, amabhuloho kanye nemigwaqo yamapulangwe, njll.). Ngenkathi siqinisekisa ukuphepha kwesakhiwo, sinciphisa ukusetshenziswa kwezinto futhi senza lula inqubo yokwakha. Sinikeza izinsizakalo zokulandelela eziphelele, kusukela ekulethweni kokudonsa kuya ekuhlinzekweni kobuchwepheshe endaweni. Ubungcweti bethu buqinisekisa ukuqaliswa kahle kwayo yonke iphrojekthi yesakhiwo sensimbi, okusenza sibe ngumlingani wokuklama othembekile, onendawo eyodwa.
Indlela yokupakisha izakhiwo zensimbi ikhethwa ngokusekelwe ohlotsheni lwezingxenye, usayizi, ibanga lokuhamba, indawo yokugcina kanye nezidingo zokuvikela. Inhloso yayo eyinhloko ukugwema ukuguquka, ukugqwala kanye nomonakalo ngesikhathi sokuthutha nokugcina.
Izindlela Ezivamile Zokupakisha
Ukupakisha Okungenalutho
Ifanele amalungu ensimbi amakhulu nasindayo, okuhlanganisa izinsika zensimbi, imishayo kanye nezinsika ezinkulu.
Izici: Azikho izinto zokupakisha ezengeziwe, okuvumela ukuphakanyiswa nokulayisha ngqo. Amalungu kumele aqine ngesikhathi sokuthuthwa ukuze kuvinjelwe ukunyakaza nokushayisana.
Isivikelo esengeziwe: Izimbobo zebholidi, izindawo zeflange kanye nezinye izixhumanisi zingambozwa ngezivalo zesikhashana noma ifilimu yepulasitiki ukuze zivikeleke.
Ukupakisha Okuhlanganisiwe
Ifanele inani elikhulu lamalungu ensimbi ajwayelekile amancane naphakathi, njengensimbi ye-engela, insimbi yesiteshi, amapayipi ensimbi kanye namapuleti amancane okuxhuma.
Qaphela: Ukubopha kumele kube okulinganiselwe. Izinqwaba ezikhululekile zingabangela ukuba izingxenye zishintshe, kanti ukubopha okuqinile kakhulu kuzoholela ekuguqukeni.
Ibhokisi Lokhuni / Uhlaka Lokhuni
Ifanele izingxenye ezincane zensimbi ezinembile, izingxenye ezibuthakathaka (amabhawodi, amantongomane, njll.) kanye namalungu ensimbi okuthuthwa amabanga amade noma athunyelwe kwamanye amazwe.
Izinzuzo: Ukuvikelwa okusezingeni eliphezulu ekulimaleni kwemvelo, okulungele ukuthuthwa ibanga elide kanye nezimo zokugcina eziyinkimbinkimbi.
Ukupakisha Okukhethekile Okuvikelekile
Ukuvikelwa kokugqwala: Ukuze kugcinwe isikhathi eside noma kuthuthwe ezindaweni ezinomswakama, kudingeka ukwelashwa okwengeziwe kokulwa nokugqwala.
Ukuvikelwa kokuguquka: Kwamalungu amancane nanodonga oluncane, kufanele kufakwe izisekelo ezengeziwe zokhuni noma zensimbi ukuze kugwenywe ukugoba nokuguquka okubangelwa imithwalo engalingani.
Ezokuthutha:Ukulethwa Okusheshayo (Ukulethwa Okuyisampula), Umoya, Isitimela, Umhlaba, Isitimela, Ukuthunyelwa Kwasolwandle (i-FCL noma i-LCL noma i-Bulk)
Uma imikhiqizo yakho yesakhiwo sensimbi isilethiwe, ithimba lethu lochwepheshe lizokunikeza ukwesekwa okugcwele kuyo yonke inqubo yokufaka. Sisiza ukuthuthukisa izinhlelo zokufaka endaweni, sinikeza isiqondiso sobuchwepheshe sezinqubo ezibalulekile, futhi sisebenzisana eduze nethimba lokwakha ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okusebenzayo nokunembile, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuzinza nokuphepha kwesakhiwo sakho.
Ukuze sisekele ngemuva kokuthengisa, sinikeza izincomo zokulungisa ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokusekelwe ezicini zomkhiqizo, futhi siphendula yonke imibuzo mayelana nokunakekelwa kwezinto ezibonakalayo kanye nokuqina kwesakhiwo. Uma kuvela izinkinga ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, ithimba lethu ngemuva kokuthengisa lizophendula ngokushesha futhi lixazulule izinkinga ngosekelo lobuchwepheshe lochwepheshe.
Q: Ingabe abakhiqizi be-ua?
A: Yebo, singabakhiqizi bamashubhu ensimbi ejikelezayo etholakala edolobheni laseTianjin, eShayina.
Q: Ngingaba ne-oda lokuhlola amathani ambalwa kuphela?
A: Vele. Singakuthumela umthwalo ngesevisi ye-LCL. (Umthwalo wesitsha omncane)
Q: Uma isampula imahhala?
A: Isampula ayitholakali, kodwa umthengi ukhokhela imithwalo.
U: Ingabe ungumphakeli wegolide futhi wenza isiqinisekiso sokuhweba?
A: Singumhlinzeki wegolide weminyaka eyi-13 futhi samukela isiqinisekiso sokuhweba.













