Insimbi Yokwakha Indlu Yezimboni Isakhiwo Sokwakha Indawo Yokusebenzela Indlu Yokugcina Impahla Isakhiwo Sensimbi Esilungisiwe
Insimbi yesakhiwo iyisigaba sensimbi ecutshungulwa ngendlela ethile okufanele isetshenziswe ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo namabhuloho. Inesakhiwo samakhemikhali esilinganiselayo kanye namandla aphezulu emishini, futhi izakhiwo zemishini ziyabikezelwa, futhi ngenxa yokubikezela kwayo ukuthwala imithwalo esindayo kanye nokuzinza ekwakhiweni, isetshenziswa kabanzi.
Ngokusekelwe ezimisweni zephrojekthi kanye nezindinganiso, kunezilinganiso ezahlukene kanye namazinga ensimbi yokwakha atholakalayo. Ingenziwa ngokugoqa okushisayo noma ukugoqa okubandayo noma ukushisela ukuze kufezwe izidingo ezahlukene zesakhiwo. Imikhiqizo ejwayelekile yensimbi yokwakha yi-I-beams, i-H-beams, i-wide flange beams, iziteshi, ama-engeli, amapuleti ensimbi, njll., futhi isetshenziswa kakhulu ezakhiweni, emabhulohweni, ezindaweni zokugcina impahla, emafektri, nasemaphrojekthini ezinsizakalo.
Izindinganiso Zomhlaba Wonke zeIsakhiwo Sohlaka Lwensimbi
I-GB 50017 (eShayina): Indinganiso kazwelonke yaseShayina ehlanganisa imithwalo yomklamo, imininingwane, ukuqina, kanye nemibandela yokuphepha.
I-AISC (US): Umhlahlandlela owaziwa kakhulu eNyakatho Melika, ohlanganisa izindinganiso zomthwalo, ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, kanye nokuxhumana.
I-BS 5950 (e-UK): Igxile ekulinganiseni ukuphepha, ukonga, kanye nokusebenza kahle kwesakhiwo.
EN 1993 - I-Eurocode 3 (EU): Uhlaka lwaseYurophu lomklamo ohlanganisiwe wezakhiwo zensimbi.
| Okujwayelekile | Izinga Likazwelonke | Izinga laseMelika | Izinga laseYurophu | |
| Isingeniso | Njengoba amazinga kazwelonke (i-GB) eyisisekelo, ehambisana nemigomo yemboni, igcizelela ukulawulwa okugcwele kwenqubo yokuklama, ukwakha kanye nokwamukelwa | Sigxile ezindinganisweni zezinto ze-ASTM kanye nemininingwane yokuklama ye-AISC, sigxila ekuhlanganiseni isitifiketi esizimele semakethe nezindinganiso zemboni. | Uchungechunge lwezindinganiso ze-EN (izindinganiso zaseYurophu) | |
| Izindinganiso Eziyinhloko | Izindinganiso zokuklama | I-GB 50017-2017 | I-AISC (AISC 360-16) | EN 1993 |
| Izindinganiso zezinto ezibonakalayo | I-GB/T 700-2006、GB/T 1591-2018 | I-ASTM International | Uchungechunge lwe-EN 10025 olwakhiwe yi-CEN | |
| Izindinganiso zokwakha nokwamukelwa | I-GB 50205-2020 | I-AWS D1.1 | Uchungechunge lwe-EN 1011 | |
| Izindinganiso eziqondene nomkhakha | Isibonelo, i-JT/T 722-2023 emkhakheni wamabhuloho, i-JGJ 99-2015 emkhakheni wokwakha | |||
| Izitifiketi Ezidingekayo | Iziqu zobungcweti zenkontileka yobunjiniyela besakhiwo sensimbi (ibanga elikhethekile, ibanga lokuqala, ibanga lesibili, ibanga lesithathu) | Isitifiketi se-AISC | UMark Mark, Isitifiketi se-DIN saseJalimane, Isitifiketi se-UK CARES | |
| Isitifiketi se-China Classification Society (CCS), isitifiketi sokufaneleka kwebhizinisi lokukhiqiza isakhiwo sensimbi | Isitifiketi se-FRA | |||
| Imibiko yokuhlola ngezakhiwo zemishini yezinto ezibonakalayo, ikhwalithi yokushisela, njll. ekhishwe yi-ejensi yokuhlola evela eceleni | I-ASME | |||
| Imininingwane: | |
| Uhlaka Lwensimbi Oluyinhloko | Ugongolo lwensimbi olunesigaba H kanye namakholomu, olupendwe noma olufakwe i-galvanized, olunesigaba C noma ipayipi lensimbi elifakwe i-galvanized, njll. |
| Uhlaka Lwesibili | i-hot dip galvanised C-purlin, i-steel bracing, i-tie bar, i-knee brace, i-edge cover, njll. |
| Iphaneli Yophahla | Iphaneli yesangweji ye-EPS, iphaneli yesangweji yefayibha yeglasi, iphaneli yesangweji ye-Rockwool, kanye nesangweji ye-PU iphaneli noma ipuleti lensimbi, njll. |
| Iphaneli Yodonga | iphaneli yesangweji noma ishidi lensimbi egobile, njll. |
| Induku Yokubopha | ishubhu yensimbi eyindilinga |
| I-brace | ibha eyindilinga |
| Ibhande Lamadolo | insimbi ye-engeli |
| Imidwebo kanye Nesilinganiso: | |
| (1) Umklamo owenziwe ngokwezifiso uyamukelwa. | |
| (2) Ukuze sikunike ikhotheshini nemidwebo eqondile, sicela usazise ubude, ububanzi, ukuphakama kwe-eve, kanye nesimo sezulu sendawo. izokucaphuna ngokushesha. | |
Isakhiwo SensimbiIzigaba
Izigaba ezitholakalayo zichazwe ngezindinganiso ezishicilelwe emhlabeni wonke, kanti nezigaba ezikhethekile nezizimele nazo ziyatholakala.
Imisebe ye-I / Imisebe ye-H:
Izingxenye ze-I ne-H ziyizinto ezicindezelwe, futhi lezi ezimbili zivame ukusetshenziselwa ukwakha ozimele, amabhuloho, imishini yezimboni kanye neyomthwalo osindayo. Izindinganiso ezijwayelekile kungaba yi-universal beam (UB), i-universal column (UC), i-European IPE/HE sections kanye ne-US wide flange (W-shape).
Imishayo ye-Z:
Izingxenye ze-Z zinezingxenyana ezibekwe eceleni futhi zithandwa ukusetshenziswa ezinhlelweni zophahla, ozimele bodonga lwangaphandle, kanye nezinye izinhlelo zokusebenza ezithwala imithwalo elula.
Izingxenye Zesakhiwo Ezingenalutho (i-HSS):
Njengoba inobubanzi obuhlanganisa isikwele, unxande, imibuthano kanye nezingxenye ezingenalutho ezimise okweqanda i-HSS, ukusebenza kwayo okunamandla kakhulu kuya kwesisindo kwenza kube yisisombululo esifanele sezakhiwo zokwakha, amakholomu kanye nohlaka lwensimbi.
Ama-engeli (Izigaba ze-L):
Ama-engeli ensimbi (amise okwe-L) ayizingxenye ezisungulwe ngaphakathi kwamaphrojekthi obunjiniyela njengomsebenzi we-E-15000, izisekelo, izinhlelo zokubopha, imibhoshongo, ozimele ngisho nemisebenzi ejwayelekile.
Iziteshi Zesakhiwo (Izigaba C):
I-C-channel iphinde isebenze njenge-joists ehlanganisa phansi kanye ne-decking yophahla, imishayo enamandla aphakathi kwama-purlin, kanye nemishayo yokuthwala yezinhlelo zokusebenza zezimoto nezimboni ezisindayo.
Imisebe ye-T:
Iphrofayili yensimbi ye-T eqiniswe ngomshayo iyona esetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezimboni, okwakha izindlu ezidinga imigoqo kanye nezinhlelo zephansi kumakholomu.
Amabha:
Imigoqo yensimbi imicu emincane futhi emincane yezinto zokwakha uma iqhathaniswa namapuleti ensimbi anengxenye engunxande futhi ithola ukusetshenziswa kwayo kwezobunjiniyela, ukukhiqiza, kanye nokwakha.
Izinduku:
Izinduku zensimbi ziyimikhiqizo emise okwesikwele noma eyindilinga ethola ukusetshenziswa kwayo ekuqiniseni ukwakhiwa, ezingxenyeni zemishini kanye nasemisebenzini yokukhiqiza.
Amapuleti Ensimbi:
Amapuleti ngokuvamile abhekwa njengemikhiqizo yensimbi eyisicaba enobukhulu obungaphezu kuka-6 mm (1/4 intshi), futhi asetshenziswa kakhulu emabhulohweni, emikhunjini, emishinini esindayo, kanye nasekwakhiweni kwensimbi enkulu.
Izakhiwo zensimbi zinensimbi njengento eyinhloko yokuthwala umthwalo. Ziye zasetshenziswa njengezinto zobunjiniyela emikhakheni eminingi ngenxa yamandla azo aphezulu, isisindo esincane, ukwakhiwa okusheshayo kanye nokusebenza kahle kokuzamazama komhlaba. Izimo zokusetshenziswa kwayo eziyinhloko zifaka:
Ubunjiniyela Bokwakha
1. Izakhiwo Zezimboni - Amafektri: njengomshini wokwakha, insimbi, amakhemikhali, njll.
2. Izindawo zokugcina impahla: Izindawo ezinkulu zokuthutha kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla (njengezindawo zokugcina impahla ezinama-rack amaningi kanye nezindawo zokugcina impahla ezibandayo);
3. Izakhiwo Zomphakathi - Izakhiwo Eziphakeme: Izakhiwo zensimbi zezakhiwo eziphakeme kakhulu (njengezakhiwo eziphakeme);
4. Izakhiwo Zomphakathi: Izinkundla zemidlalo, amahholo emibukiso, amathiyetha, iziteshi zezindiza nokunye okunjalo.
5. Izindlu: Indlu yokuhlala yangasese enohlaka lwensimbi olusebenzisa amandla amancane
Ingqalasizinda Yezokuthutha
1. Ubunjiniyela bebhuloho - Amabhuloho amade - Amabhuloho esitimela/omgwaqo omkhulu
2. Izithuthi Zesitimela Neziteshi - Iziteshi zesitimela ezihamba ngesivinini esikhulu, imigwaqo yesiteshi sesitimela esingaphansi komhlaba - Izimoto zesitimela ezihamba ngesitimela
Ubunjiniyela Nemishini Eyingqayizivele
1. Ubunjiniyela Basemanzini - Amapulatifomu Angaphandle Kwamanzi: Ukuhlelwa okujwayelekile kwamapulatifomu okubhoboza uwoyela (njengamajakethi namadekhi epulatifomu); Ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi
2. Imishini Yokuphakamisa Nokwakha - Ama-Crane - Izimoto Ezikhethekile
3. Imishini Emikhulu Neziqukathi - Amathangi okugcina izinto ezimbonini - Amafreyimu emishini yemishini
Ezinye Izimo Ezikhethekile
1. Izakhiwo zesikhashana: izakhiwo ezilungisiwe ngaphambilini.
2. Ama-dome engilazi angasekelwa yizingilazi ezithengiwe zezitolo ezinkulu
3. Ubunjiniyela bamandla: imibhoshongo ye-wind turbine (eyenziwe ngamapuleti ensimbi aqinile ashisayo) kanye namaphaneli elanga.
Inqubo Yokusika
1. Ukulungiselela Kwangaphambi Kokuqala
Ukuhlolwa Kwezinto Ezibalulekile
Ukuhumusha Umdwebo
2. Ukukhetha Indlela Yokusika Efanele
Ukusika Amalangabi: Ifanele insimbi ethambile ejiyile kanye nensimbi engenangxube eningi, ifanele imishini eqinile.
Ukusika Ijethi Yamanzi: Ifanele izinto ezahlukahlukene, ikakhulukazi insimbi ezwela ukushisa noma izingxenye eziqondile nezinomumo okhethekile.
Ukucubungula Ukushisela
Ukwakha insimbi ehlanganisiwe kuyinqubo ebalulekile yokukhiqiza nokwakha, evumela ukuhlanganiswa kwamalungu ensimbi ahlukene ukwakha uhlaka oluqinile oluhlangene. Izibopho ze-athomu phakathi kwezindawo zensimbi ezihlangene ngokusebenzisa ukushisa, ingcindezi noma inhlanganisela yalezi ezimbili, okuholela ekuhlanganiseni okuqinile nokuthembekile.
Izinto zokugcwalisa zingangezwa ngesikhathi senqubo yokushisela ukuze kwandiswe amandla kanye nekhwalithi yejoyinti. Le ndlela isetshenziswa kakhulu ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo zensimbi, amabhuloho, imishini yezimboni, imikhumbi kanye nezakhiwo zobunjiniyela ezisindayo, futhi inomthelela oqondile ekuqineni, ekuzinzeni nasekuphepheni kwesakhiwo sensimbi. Ukushisela okuhle kanye nokulawula ikhwalithi kuyadingeka ukuze ukusebenza kwesakhiwo kungathenjelwa futhi isakhiwo kulindeleke ukuthi sibe nokuphila isikhathi eside kwenkonzo.
Ngokusekelwe emidwebweni yokwakha noma umbiko weziqu zenqubo yokushisela (i-PQR), chaza ngokucacile uhlobo lwejoyinti lokushisela, ubukhulu bomsele, ubukhulu bokushisela, indawo yokushisela, kanye nezinga lekhwalithi.
Ukucubungula Ukushaya
Le nqubo ihilela ukudala imigodi ngomshini noma ngokomzimba ezingxenyeni zesakhiwo sensimbi ezihlangabezana nezidingo zomklamo. Lezi zimbobo zisetshenziselwa kakhulu ukuxhuma izingxenye, ukuhambisa amapayipi, nokufaka izesekeli. Kuyinqubo ebalulekile ekukhiqizweni kwesakhiwo sensimbi ukuqinisekisa ukunemba kokuhlanganiswa kwezingxenye kanye namandla okuhlangana.
Ngokusekelwe emidwebweni yomklamo, nquma indawo yembobo (ubukhulu bokuxhumanisa), inani, ububanzi, izinga lokunemba (isb. ukubekezelelana kwe-±1mm kwemigodi evamile yebholidi, ±0.5mm ukubekezelelana kwemigodi yebholidi enamandla aphezulu) kanye nohlobo lwembobo (oluyindilinga, oluyindilinga, njll.). Ngosizo lwethuluzi lokumaka (isilinganiso setheyiphu yensimbi, i-stylus, isikwele, noma isampula yokubhoboza) maka imbobo ebusweni bengxenye. Sebenzisa isampula yokubhoboza imbobo ebalulekile ukuze uthole amaphuzu okuthola indawo/Amachashazi kumele abe nezindawo zokubhoboza ezinembile.
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinqubo zokwelashwa kwendawo ezitholakalayoisakhiwo sensimbi, okuthuthukisa ngempumelelo ukumelana kwazo nokugqwala nokugqwala, kanye nokubukeka kwazo okuhle.
Ukuhlanganisa nge-galvanizingkuyisinqumo esidala ngenxa yokumelana nokugqwala okuhle kakhulu.
Ngeukugqoka ngempuphu, imibala ecebile kanye nokushesha okuhle kwesimo sezulu kungatholakala.
Izimbozo ze-Epoxyinokumelana okuhle nokugqwala futhi ingasetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinolaka.
Ukuphakamaokuqukethwe yi-zinckwenza uqweqwe olucebile nge-epoxy zinc lube sengozini yokulimala komshini kodwa futhi lunikeza ukuvikelwa okuhle kwe-electrochemical.
Ukudwebaiyaguquguquka futhi iyonga, engahlangabezana nezidingo ezahlukene zokuhlobisa.
Ukugcoba ngamafutha amnyamaiyisisombululo esishibhile sezidingo zokuvikela ukugqwala okuncane.
Isizinda Esinolwazi Olucebile Lokuklama Izakhiwo Zensimbi Ezifanele Onjiniyela bethu bezakhiwo abanolwazi kanye nochwepheshe bezobuchwepheshe baziwa ngokuhlinzeka ngezinsizakalo zokuklama izakhiwo zensimbi zobungcweti ngokusekelwe kokuhlangenwe nakho kwephrojekthi okucebile kanye nezimiso zobunjiniyela zamanje. Sihlinzeka ngemiklamo yezakhiwo ephephile, ephumelelayo, nethembekile ngenxa yolwazi lwethu lwemishini yensimbi, amakhodi okwakha, kanye nezinhlelo zokusebenza zangempela.
Ngokusebenzisa isofthiwe yokuklama yesimanje, njenge-AutoCAD kanye ne-Tekla Structures, sinikeza izixazululo zokuklama eziphelele kufaka phakathi amamodeli esakhiwo se-3D, imidwebo yokwenziwa, uhlu lwezinto ezibonakalayo, imininingwane yokuxhumana kanye nemidwebo yokwakheka. Izinsizakalo zethu zifaka phakathi lonke ububanzi bephrojekthi kusukela ekuklanyweni kokuqala kanye nokuhlaziywa ngokusebenzisa imidwebo yokwakha enemininingwane, ngisho nokucushwa kanye nokwenza ngcono okuhlangene, ngenkathi kuqinisekiswa ikhwalithi kanye nokwakhiwa.
Ngokusebenzisa imodeli yesakhiwo, ukuhlaziywa okungaguquki nokuguquguqukayo, kanye nokuqhathaniswa komklamo okwenziwe kahle, sinikeza izixazululo ezenzelwe imboni zezitshalo zezimboni, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, izindawo zokugcina impahla, amabhuloho, kanye namaphrojekthi engqalasizinda yensimbi. Siphinde sisize amakhasimende ethu ukunciphisa izindleko nokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kahle ngokufeza ibhalansi efanele phakathi kokuphepha, ukusetshenziswa kwezinto, kanye nokulula kokwakhiwa.
I-Royal Steel Group iyinkampani ehamba phambili yokuklama isakhiwo sensimbi enikeza isevisi yobuchwepheshe yokuklama isakhiwo sensimbi ehlanganisa ukulethwa komklamo, ukwesekwa endaweni kanye nemibhalo yobuchwepheshe, njll. ukuhola iphrojekthi yakho empumelelweni futhi ikulethele ubuchwepheshe bochwepheshe kanye nokusekelwa kobunjiniyela okuthembekile kuzo zonke izinyathelo zendlela.
Ukupakisha
Ukuhlukaniswa Kwezingxenye: Izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi zihlukaniswa, zilebula futhi zihlanganiswe ngokwemidwebo kanye nohlelo lokufakwa, olulungele ukuhlonza nokuhlanganisa.
Ukuvikelwa Kwensimbi: Ngomgqoko wokulwa nokugqwala, iphepha elingangeni manzi kanye nezinye izinto zokuvikela, izingxenye zivikelwe ekugqwaleni, emvuleni nasemvuleni ngesikhathi sokugcina nokuthuthwa.
Inqwaba Ivikelwe:Imishayo yensimbi, izinsika, ama-purlin nezinye izakhi zesakhiwo ziyasicaba futhi ziboshwe ngokuqinile ngebhande lensimbi ukuqinisekisa ukuqina kwenqwaba lapho iphathwa.
Indlela yokupakisha ingashintshwa njengemfuneko yamaphrojekthi, izimo zokuhamba kanye nezindinganiso zendawo oya kuyo.
Ezokuthutha
Ukuthuthwa kolwandle:Kumaphrojekthi amakhulu omhlaba wonke, izingxenye zensimbi zithuthwa ngeziqukathi olwandle noma ngomkhumbi njengenqwaba yezingxenye zensimbi esindayo.
Ukuthuthwa Komhlaba:Amaloli anzima anama-trailer ayisicaba asetshenziswa kabanzi ekuthuthweni kwempahla.
Ezokuthutha Ngesitimela:Ukukhetha okuthandwayo kokulethwa kwezakhiwo zensimbi ebangeni elide ngobuningi.
Ukulayisha Nokukhumula:Uhlelo lokulayisha lochwepheshe lwenzelwe ukuqinisekisa ukuphathwa okuphephile, ikhwalithi ephezulu yokugwema ukuguquka noma ukulimala kwezingxenye kanye nentshisekelo yakho engcono kakhulu.
Iqembu Lensimbi Yasebukhosiniinikeza izixazululo ezigcwele zokupakisha nezokuthutha ukuqinisekisa ukuthi izingxenye zesakhiwo sensimbi zilethwa endaweni yokusebenza ziphephile, zingabizi kakhulu, futhi zilungele ukufakwa.
Ezokuthutha:Ukulethwa Okusheshayo (Ukulethwa Okuyisampula), Umoya, Isitimela, Umhlaba, Isitimela, Ukuthunyelwa Kwasolwandle (i-FCL noma i-LCL noma i-Bulk)
I-Royal Steel Group inesevisi ephelele ngemuva kokuthengisa ukuqinisekisa ukufakwa okubushelelezi, ukusebenza, kanye nokusebenza kwesikhathi eside kwezakhiwo zensimbi nganoma yisiphi isikhathi phakathi nesikhathi sephrojekthi.
Ukusekela kwezobuchwepheshe:
Iseluleko Sokufaka: Ungathembela kithi ukuze uthole iseluleko sokufaka, ukwesekwa kobuchwepheshe, kanye nosizo lobunjiniyela ngemibuzo yakho yesicelo.
Isiqondiso Sokufaka: Imidwebo yokufaka ecacile kanye nohlu lwezingxenye lufakiwe. Ukuhlonza noma ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ezifanayo kanye nosizo lochwepheshe kuqinisekisa ukuqaliswa okunembile nokuphumelelayo kwephrojekthi.
Ukuqinisekisa ikhwalithi: Landela ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile futhi unikeze imibhalo ephelele, kufaka phakathi izitifiketi zezinto ezibonakalayo, imibiko yokuhlola, namafayela ephrojekthi.
Ukuxazululwa kwengxabano: Phendula ngokushesha umyalezo wekhasimende bese ulinika impendulo eyanelisayo ngekhwalithi yempahla, ezokuthutha kanye nezinkinga ezihlobene nokufakwa.
Ukubambisana Kwesikhathi EsideHlala uxhumene namakhasimende ngesikhathi sokuphila kwezakhiwo zensimbi futhi uthole ukwesekwa kwawo ngokwethembana nokwaneliseka.
Q1: Yiziphi izinhlobo zezakhiwo zensimbi ongazinikeza?
A: I-Royal Steel Group inikeza izixazululo ezahlukahlukene zesakhiwo sensimbi, okuhlanganisa izindawo zokugcina izimpahla zensimbi, izitshalo zezimboni, izakhiwo zezentengiselwano, amabhuloho ensimbi, amapulatifomu, kanye nezinhlelo zesakhiwo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso.
Q2: Ungakwazi yini ukunikeza imiklamo yesakhiwo sensimbi eyenziwe ngokwezifiso?
A: Yebo. Ithimba lethu lobunjiniyela lochwepheshe linikeza izixazululo ezenziwe ngokwezifiso ngokusekelwe ezidingweni zephrojekthi, okuhlanganisa ukwakheka kwesakhiwo, ukumodela kwe-3D, imidwebo yokukhiqiza, kanye nezinhlelo zokufaka.
Q3: Yisiphi isofthiwe yokuklama oyisebenzisela amaphrojekthi esakhiwo sensimbi?
A: Sisebenzisa isofthiwe yobunjiniyela yobungcweti njenge-AutoCAD kanye ne-Tekla Structures ukudala amamodeli e-3D anembile, imidwebo enemininingwane, kanye nemiklamo yesakhiwo elungiselelwe kahle.
Q4: Yiziphi izindinganiso ezilandelwa yizakhiwo zakho zensimbi?
A: Izakhiwo zethu zensimbi zingakhiqizwa ngokwezindinganiso zomhlaba wonke ezifana ne-ASTM, EN, JIS, kanye ne-GB, kuye ngezidingo zephrojekthi yamakhasimende.
U-Q5: Uqinisekisa kanjani ikhwalithi yezakhiwo zensimbi?
A: Sisebenzisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi okuqinile kulo lonke ukukhiqizwa, okuhlanganisa ukuhlolwa kwezinto, ukuhlolwa kokushisela, ukuhlolwa kobukhulu, ukuhlolwa kokwelashwa kwendawo, kanye nokuqinisekiswa kwekhwalithi kokugcina.
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